Robots Móviles con Orugas Historia, Modelado, Localización y Control
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riai.2014.11.001Palabras clave:
Deslizamiento, Odometria Visual, Control Adaptativo, Control PredictivoResumen
Uno de los campos de aplicación más significativos de la robótica móvil consiste en robots capaces de operar en condiciones exteriores sobre terrenos no preparados (robots planetarios, robots en agricultura, robot en operaciones de búsqueda y rescate, robots militares, etc.). Sin embargo, conseguir que los robots se muevan de forma eficiente y precisa en este tipo de entornos no es una tarea sencilla. Un primer aspecto crítico es el sistema de locomoción. En este caso, las orugas constituyen una alternativa sólida a otro tipo de sistemas y desde principios del siglo XX han demostrado sus bondades en vehículos tripulados. En este artículo se motiva y se demuestra mediante pruebas reales la idoneidad de este tipo de locomoción para robots móviles en terrenos no preparados. Es importante remarcar que este artículo pretende ser un resumen extendido del libro recientemente publicado por los autores “Autonomous Tracked Robots in Planar Off-Road Conditions” (González et al., 2014), y, por lo tanto, no pretende ser una contribución original. Inicialmente se presenta una perspectiva histórica de los vehículos y los robots con orugas. Posteriormente se discuten los aspectos de modelado con especial mención al fenomeno del deslizamiento. A continuación, se analizan varias estrategias de localización, en particular, la odometria visual. También se analiza el aspecto del control de navegación, para ello se analizan varias estrategias con compensación del deslizamiento. Finalmente se expresan las conclusiones del trabajo en base a la experiencia de los autores en este campo.Descargas
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